Tech/OSS/Debian
An operating system distribution often running a Linux Kernel with the Tech/OSS/APT packaging system.
CLI apt-get vs apt
The new-ish user interface is apt how ever it is not meant for scripting so I will often use apt-get in my work so that I am working at a common tool. Always read the manpages.
Why -qq
If you read the manpage you will find that -qq will both answer yes but will also be quiet. This is handy from time to time.
Upgrade Debian Buster (10) to Debian Bullseye (11)
Much the same as before, update, upgrade, distupgrade, cleanup for reboot
apt-get -qq update && apt-get -qq upgrade && apt-get -qq dist-upgrade && apt-get -qq clean && apt-get -qq autoremove
Full restart
systemctl reboot
Edit the APT sources
sed -i "s/buster/bullseye/" /etc/apt/sources.list
Stop and review repos, the legacy security repos have changed.
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye/updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye/updates main contrib non-free
change to:
deb http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free
My example sources
cat sources.list deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
Now we can start the upgrade. Note the -y instead of -qq because we want to see any issues.
apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade && apt-get -y dist-upgrade
Full restart
systemctl reboot
Do the upgrade
apt-get -qq update && apt-get -qq upgrade && apt-get -qq clean apt-get autoremove
Clean up configured but uninstalled packages. You should understand what this does before blindly running.
aptitude purge '~c'
Mopping up
- ssh_config
- VerifyHostKeyDNS yes
Upgrade Debian Stretch (9) to Debian Buster (10)
Note that the apt tool has user progress output and apt-get is better for scripted use. The -qq option is quiet and yes at the same time.
apt-get update && apt-get -qq upgrade && apt-get -qq dist-upgrade && apt-get clean
restart if there were any updates like the Linux Kernel. Then you need to update your sources. You can use *stable* instead of *buster* if desired.
sed -i "s/stretch/buster/" /etc/apt/sources.list apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade && apt-get -y dist-upgrade
restart
apt-get update && apt-get -qq upgrade
optionally
apt-get autoremove aptitude purge '~c'
Upgrade Debian Jessie (8) to Debian Stretch (9)
apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade && apt-get -y dist-upgrade && apt-get clean
restart if there were any updates like kernel and stuffs
sed -i "s/jessie/stretch/" /etc/apt/sources.list apt-get update && apt-get -u upgrade && apt-get -y dist-upgrade
restart
apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade
optionally
apt-get autoremove aptitude purge '~c'
Use Python3 as standard Python in path
apt install python-is-python3
Installer with non-free firmware packages
http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/unofficial/non-free/cd-including-firmware/
Adding files to USB installer
The Debian installer like netinstall.iso can be put on a USB to use in installing Debian. Often there is spare space on the USB memory stick to store things like firmware or preseed files. What follows is a how-to add a partition for storing more files on the USB installer device.
- Note for this example my USB stick is SDB or /dev/sdb
- Note the red warning is related to the hacky nature of the boot-on-anything format the Debian installer uses
- Note that parted does not handle the format so fdisk or maybe cfdisk must be used instead
root@lappy:~# fdisk --wipe=never -t dos /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.36.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
The device contains 'iso9660' signature and it may remain on the device. It is recommended to wipe the device with wipefs(8) or fdisk --wipe, in order to avoid possible collisions.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.24 GiB, 7775191040 bytes, 15185920 sectors
Disk model: USB Flash Drive
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x630cc161
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 0 1378303 1378304 673M 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 4488 13383 8896 4.3M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (1378304-15185919, default 1378304):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (1378304-15185919, default 15185919):
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 6.6 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.24 GiB, 7775191040 bytes, 15185920 sectors
Disk model: USB Flash Drive
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x630cc161
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 0 1378303 1378304 673M 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 4488 13383 8896 4.3M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
/dev/sdb3 1378304 15185919 13807616 6.6G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3):
Hex code or alias (type L to list all): 06
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'FAT16'.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.24 GiB, 7775191040 bytes, 15185920 sectors
Disk model: USB Flash Drive
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x630cc161
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 0 1378303 1378304 673M 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 4488 13383 8896 4.3M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
/dev/sdb3 1378304 15185919 13807616 6.6G 6 FAT16
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.
- Then format as FAT
root@lappy:~# mkfs.fat /dev/sdb3 mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31) root@lappy:~#